Personality has power to uplift, power to depress, power to curse, and power to bless.
"Always be yourself, express yourself, have faith in yourself, do not go out and look for a successful personality and duplicate it."
- Bruce Lee.
Personality theories
Personality type refers to the psychological classification of people into different classes. Personality types are distinguished from personality traits, which come in different degrees. There are many theories of personality, but each one contains several and sometimes many sub-theories. A "theory of personality" constructed by any given psychologist will contain multiple relating theories or sub-theories often expanding as more psychologists explore the theory. For example, according to type theories, there are two types of people, introverts and extroverts. According to trait theories, introversion and extroversion are part of a continuous dimension with many people in the middle. The idea of psychological types originated in the theoretical work of Carl Jung, specifically in his 1921 book Psychologische Typen (Psychological Types) and William Marston.
Building on the writings and observations of Jung during World War II, Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother, Katharine C. Briggs, delineated personality types by constructing the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator. This model was later used by David Keirsey with a different understanding from Jung, Briggs, and Myers. In the former Soviet Union, Lithuanian Auลกra Augustinaviฤiลซtฤ independently derived a model of personality type from Jung called socionics. Later on, many other tests were developed on this model e.g. Golden, PTI-Pro, and JTI.
Theories could also be considered an "approach" to personality or psychology and are generally referred to as a model. The model is an older and more theoretical approach to personality, accepting extroversion and introversion as basic psychological orientations in connection with two pairs of psychological functions:
- Perceiving functions: sensing and intuition (trust in concrete, sensory-oriented facts vs. trust in abstract concepts and imagined possibilities)
- Judging functions: thinking and feeling (basing decisions primarily on logic vs. deciding based on emotion).
Briggs and Myers also added another personality dimension to their type indicator to measure whether a person prefers to use a judging or perceiving function when interacting with the external world. Therefore, they included questions designed to indicate whether someone wishes to come to conclusions (judgment) or to keep options open (perception).
This personality typology has some aspects of a trait theory: it explains people's behavior in terms of opposite fixed characteristics. In these more traditional models, the sensing/intuition preference is considered the most basic, dividing people into "N" (intuitive) or "S" (sensing) personality types. An "N" is further assumed to be guided either by thinking or feeling and divided into the "NT" (scientist, engineer) or "NF" (author, humanitarian) temperament. An "S", in contrast, is assumed to be guided more by the judgment/perception axis and thus divided into the "SJ" (guardian, traditionalist) or "SP" (performer, artisan) temperament. These four are considered basic, with the other two factors in each case (including always extraversion/introversion) less important. Critics of this traditional view have observed that the types can be quite strongly stereotyped by professions (although neither Myers nor Keirsey engaged in such stereotyping in their type descriptions), and thus may arise more from the need to categorize people for purposes of guiding their career choice. This among other objections led to the emergence of the five-factor view, which is less concerned with behavior under work conditions and more concerned with behavior in personal and emotional circumstances. (The MBTI is not designed to measure the "work self", but rather what Myers and McCaulley called the "shoes-off self.")
Type A and Type B personality theory: During the 1950s, Meyer Friedman and his co-workers defined what they called Type A and Type B behavior patterns. They theorized that intense, hard-driving Type A personalities had a higher risk of coronary disease because they are "stress junkies." Type B people, on the other hand, tended to be relaxed, less competitive, and lower in risk. There was also a Type AB mixed profile.
John L. Holland's RIASEC vocational model commonly referred to as the Holland Codes stipulates that six personality types lead people to choose their career paths. In this circumplex model, the six types are represented as a hexagon, with adjacent types more closely related than those more distant. The model is widely used in vocational counseling.
Eduard Spranger's personality model, consisting of six (or, by some revisions, 6 +1) basic types of value attitudes, described in his book Types of Men (Lebensformen; Halle (Saale): Niemeyer, 1914; English translation by P. J. W. Pigors - New York: G. E. Stechert Company, 1928).
The Enneagram of Personality is a model of human personality which is principally used as a typology of nine interconnected personality types. It has been criticized as being subject to interpretation, making it difficult to test or validate scientifically.
Perhaps the most ancient attempt at personality psychology is the personality typology outlined by the Indian Buddhist Abhidharma schools. This typology mostly focuses on negative personal traits (greed, hatred, and delusion) and the corresponding positive meditation practices used to counter those traits.
"People empty me. I have to get away to refill."
- C. Bukowski
Influence of Psychological Education on the Personality Traits and Influencing Factors of Children from Poor Families
Due to the specific environment in which poor children live and their own psychological characteristics, their mental health is far lower than that of ordinary children. Generally, poor children do not have enough confidence and belief in life and the future. They always think that they are marginal members of society and are difficult to integrate into the whole society. Among the poor children, they can better complete the nine-year compulsory education, but few can really enter high school and university. They do not have the basic conditions and competitiveness in the fierce employment competition. This is because it is difficult for poor children to feel the real warmth of their family when they grow up, and they often have problems such as withdrawn personality and psychological closure. When most poor children get along with others, they get sympathy and compassion, but at the same time they do not get the minimum respect and equality, so it is difficult to integrate into society.
There is no doubt that the survival and development of poor children are affected by various aspects and the internal mechanism of the negative impact is of more research value [25]. Previous studies mainly explained this problem from the perspectives of family and environmental pressure, family education and investment, and poverty culture social factors are analyzed, and some solutions are given.
(1)Personal factors. In the observation and interview of poor children, it is found that most of the formation of inferiority comes from children’s unreasonable beliefs about themselves. In the interview, the author found that children will attribute a series of bad things around them to themselves, resulting in self-denial and negative emotions. Under the guidance of ABC personality theory, we will help poor children eliminate their inferiority complex and enhance their self-confidence through rational treatment.(2)Family factors. Increase financial support for families with special children, especially for low-income families and poor families. In ethnic areas, families with special children have relatively fewer financial resources, which has become the main source of parents’ psychological pressure, and a good and stable economic foundation is also the main pillar of education and rehabilitation training for special children. Therefore, the government’s financial support is one of the important ways to relieve the psychological pressure on parents of special children. According to Grendel’s family stress model, low economic status constitutes a stress experience, and a sense of control and powerlessness are the core functions of the vulnerability of low-status people. Poor children are more likely to live in more chaotic, structural, and crowded families than their peers. The instability of family structure and poor school environment due to economic deficiency cause repeated pressure on poor children, and pressure promotes adaptation. However, poverty and its long-term chronic pressure will cause frequent or continuous activation of the biological stress system. The damage to biological stress response system function is considered to be a central mechanism of human development affected by exposure to adverse early living environments. Long-term stress will lead to bodywear, affecting the development of the nervous system and brain.(3)Community factors. The community and competent departments can regularly guide parents of special children to participate in parent mutual aid group activities, help each other through the emotional exchange, and experience discussion so that parents can experience higher subjectivity, so as to bring this positive and optimistic attitude to children’s education and rehabilitation training.(4)School factors. A school is an important place for children to learn and grow up, where children will learn knowledge and rules and constantly complete their socialization. Therefore, the guiding role of school for children is very important. In comparison, poor children will have an inferiority complex and gradually do not recognize and deny themselves. Therefore, we need to strengthen the publicity and popularization of psychological knowledge in schools, help children establish a correct world outlook, values, and outlook on life, help children sort out their emotions in time, change their misconceptions, and guide them to identify with themselves, affirm themselves, and believe in themselves.(5)Social factors. The social support system is a huge and complex system, which is based on the resources owned by individuals. At the same time, it also has an impact on individual life, learning, communication, and other aspects. Improve the social service security system, and improve the laws and regulations related to special children. The laws and regulations of government departments can more specifically and operationally regulate the rights of special children and their families and effectively safeguard and protect these rights and interests, so as to reduce the psychological pressure of parents of special children, especially the parents of poor special children.
( original Study of Hindawi
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jhe/2022/3002993/ link here )
Theories on personality in the modern world
Psychoanalytic
Psychoanalysis is defined as a set of psychological theories and therapeutic methods which have their origin in the work and theories of Sigmund Freud. The primary assumption of psychoanalysis is the belief that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories some examples of psychoanalysis include: A 20-year-old, well-built and healthy, have a seemingly irrational fear of mice. The fear makes him tremble at the sight of a mouse or rat. He often finds himself in embarrassing situations because of fear.
Humanistic
Humanistic psychologists look at human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer but through the eyes of the person doing the behavior. Humanistic psychologists believe that an individual's behavior is connected to his inner feelings and self-image. Humanism is a progressive philosophy of life that, without theism or other supernatural beliefs, affirms our ability and responsibility to lead ethical lives of personal fulfillment that aspire to the greater good.
Trait perspective
The trait perspective of personality explores your personality traits and how many traits you have. Psychologists differ on the number of traits that are important, but each theorist defines personality traits along several broad type spectrums. For example, at age 30 if someone is talkative they will also tend to be talkative at age 40. People differ from one another in behaviors related to the trait. People differ on how frequently they talk and so personality traits such as talkative exist.
Behaviorist theory
Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning, and conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists believe that our actions are shaped by environmental stimuli. An example of behaviorism is when teachers reward their class or certain students with a party or special treat at the end of the week for good behavior throughout the week. The same concept is used with punishments. The teacher can take away certain privileges if the student misbehaves.
A girl can get somewhere in spite of stringy hair
Or even just a bit bowed at the knee
If she can show a faultless personality
BING CROSBY
Personality is the glitter that sends your little gleam across the footlights and the orchestra pit into that big black space where the audience is."
- Mae West.
Personality is, in fact, only a free being emphasizing and recognizing itself as such. Every man makes his own personality, he is to that extent his own creator.
SABINE BARING-GOULD
Personality is that which is thrust upon us.
BALKRISHNA PANDAY
We continue to shape our personalities all our life. If we knew ourselves perfectly, we should die.
ALBERT CAMUS
The great thing about acting is that you get to be a lot of different things in one lifetime. You get to explore different personalities and characters."
- Eva Amurri.
"Personality is an unbroken series of successful gestures."
- F. Scott Fitzgerald.
I use bits and pieces of others' personalities to form my own.
KURT COBAIN
Why am I as I am? To understand that any person, his whole life, from birth must be reviewed. All of our experiences fuse into our personalities. Everything that ever happened to us is an ingredient.
MALCOLM X
Personality is the supreme value, and should be regarded as an end and not merely as a means to an end.
KIRBY PAGE
Personality is reduced and deformed with depleted thoughts and stagnant mind."
- King Hussein I.
To go from life to life means having no personality of your own. But to have a personality of your own is an idea that is peculiar to a certain form of civilization. ALBERT CAMUS
It seems that the necessary thing to do is not to fear mistakes, to plunge in, to do the best that one can, hoping to learn enough from blunders to correct them eventually."
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